The 71 subjects were informed that the experiment focuses on the "Measures of Performance." Instead the opposite happened. Ashley has practiced her drum routine over and over. Recently, Festinger (1957) bas proposed a theory concerning cognitive dissonance. It enabled us to measure the opinions of our Ss in a context not directly connected with our experiment and in which we could reasonably expect frank and honest expressions of opinion. In the first experiment designed to test these theoretical ideas, Aronson and Mills (1959) had women undergo a severe or mild "initiation" to become a member of a group. the majority would administer 450 volts as instructed. The importance of this announcement will become clear shortly. Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) investigated if making people perform a dull task would create cognitive dissonance through forced compliance behavior. This is the, People are less likely to be susceptible to the foot-in-the-door technique, how far people would go in obeying the command of an authority figure, Social loafing can be explained by the fact that, it is easier for a lazy person to hide laziness when working in a group of people. Participants in the $1 condition experience greater discomfort and agitation when lying about how fun the task was than do participants in the $20 condition. The neurotransmitter that seems most involved in aggression is_________. A bank loan officer thinks people who speak with an accent are lazy; consequently, he refuses to grant them loans. Like Explorable? (1984, August) Psychology Today, pp.40-45. 109 0 obj <>stream The more scientifically important they considered the experiment to be, the less was the total magnitude of dissonance. When the participants were asked to evaluate the experiment, the participants who were paid only $1 rated the tedious task as more fun and enjoyable than the participants who were paid $20 to lie. The Scientific Importance of the Experiment. Now Lilly says that classic rock is her favorite music, too. According to the social psychologist, the social comparison theory is the idea that there is a drive within individuals to search for outside images in order to evaluate their own opinions and abilities. The stronger the S's positive statements about the tasks, and the more ways in which he said they were interesting and enjoyable, the higher the rating. The Social Comparison Theory was originally proposed by Leon Festinger in 1954. What is more, as one might expect, the percentage of subjects who complied increased as the size of the offered reward increased. (The secretary had left the office.) The experimenter (E) then came in, introducing himself to the S and, together, they walked into the laboratory room where the E said: With no further introduction or explanation the S was shown the first task, which involved putting 12 spools onto a tray, emptying the tray, refilling it with spools, and so on. These Ss were hired for one dollar to tell a waiting S that tasks, which were really rather dull and boring, were interesting, enjoyab1e, and lots of fun. Let us consider a person who privately holds opinion "X" but has, as a result of pressure brought to bear on him publicly stated that he believes "not X.". The result that the Twenty Dollar condition is actually lower than the Control condition is undoubtedly a matter of chance (t = 0.58). Do a site-specific Google search using the box below. 2. /Contents 58 0 R 0000001035 00000 n endobj He called it the Sacrifice Trap: Studies have found the degree of conformity to be greater in_______ cultures. What social psychological phenomenon might the teacher be concerned about? J. abnorm. Festinger and Carlsmith had cleverly set up an opposition between behavioral theory, which was dominant in the 1950s, and Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory. In short, when an S was induced, by offer of reward, to say something contrary to his private opinion, this private opinion tended to change so as to correspond more closely with what he had said. c5; Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) Term 1 / 8 aim Click the card to flip Definition 1 / 8 show that a person's private opinion will change to reduce dissonance when it conflicts with what they are forced to do Click the card to flip Flashcards Learn Test Match Created by UorFawzi Terms in this set (8) aim The dissonance could, consequently, be reduced by magnifying the importance of this cognition. /Prev 679084 endobj Selena is trying to get her boyfriend to wash the dishes for her. This is a direct result of Cognitive Dissonance. 0000011828 00000 n The third asks whether that subject finds the activity important, again using the scale of 0 to 10. A theory of cognitive dissonance. More surprisingly, if you change a person's behavior, attitudes change to match the behavior. The said images can be a reference to physical reality or in comparison to other people. Generally speaking, the social comparison theory explains how individuals evaluate their opinion and desires by comparing themselves to others. Psy 301: Social Psychology That is uncomfortable, unless you have a good explanation for your behavior (such as being paid a lot of money). The part of a person's self-concept that is based on his or her identification with a nation, culture, or ethnic group or with gender or other roles in society is called. His task was to turn each peg a quarter turn clockwise, then another quarter turn, and so on. <> The five ratings were: 1. Which method of attitude formations is involved in this example? The difference between the One Dollar condition and the Twenty Dollar condition (-.25) reaches only the .15 level of significance (t = 1.46). The questions are as follows: As may be seen, the questions varied in how directly relevant they were to what the S had told the girl. Typically the behavior is in the past, by the time the person feels dissonance, so the behavior cannot be changed. hb```s cB@q^2cTaX-mhp\fQgfL7uM^FD0a!&MMtm#4 3;:$:AGCk!;R )b0Hq$q4sX za4],JJAb$de\"p .j,D VZS Hence, his cognition of his private belief is dissonant with his cognition concerning his actual public statement. The results are weakly in line with what one would expect if the dissonance were somewhat reduced in this manner. 1 We felt it was important to show that the effect was not a completely general one but was specific to the content of the dissonance which was created. << Maria had fallen victim to the_______technique. During the first week of the course, when the requirement of serving in experiments was announced and explained to the students, the instructor also told them about a study that psychology department was conducting. 1. 0000012870 00000 n Lately she has noticed that she seems to play better when there are people watching her than which she is playing alone. Marco is using an example of. Half the students were offered a $1 incentive for telling the next student about the experiment, and half were paid $20. How could they explain their own behavior to themselves? The difference between the One and Twenty Dollar conditions reaches the .08 level of significance on a two-tailed test (t = 1.79). Patrick has a strong_____. If you need instructions for turning off common ad-blocking programs, click here. Sign in|Recent Site Activity|Report Abuse|Print Page|Powered By Google Sites. %PDF-1.7 % In Sternberg's model, intimacy, passion, and commitment are all present in, The area of the brain that controls aggressive responses is the, Zimbardo's prison experiment lasted only five days because, of the extreme effect it was having on the participants, Ryan sees a woman collapse in the mall. In conclusion, people, when persuaded to lie without being given enough justification, will perform a task by convincing themselves of the falsehood, rather than telling a lie. When opposites attract it is said that they have_____ characteristics. Specifically, subjects were asked to put spools onto and then off the try with the use of only one hand for half an hour, and then for the next half hour, turn square pegs clockwise in quarter turns, and then start all over again once the whole cycle's been finished for all 48 square pegs. The results, according to the researchers, display the cognitive dissonance phenomenon. 47 0 obj task faced a greater degree of dissonance than the ones who were paid $20, so The driver was making a situational attribution; the officer was making a dispositional attribution. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58, 203-210. How Much They Learned From the Experiment. /Root 48 0 R Therefore the person's attitude changes. Psych Web has over 1,000 pages, so it may be elsewhere on the site. How can you get someone to like you, according to Ben Franklin? Festinger and Carlsmith hypothesized that when people lie and don't have a good reason to lie (such as being paid only one measly dollar), they will be motivated to believe the lie. The girl, an undergraduate hired for this role, said little until the S made some positive remarks about the experiment and then said that she was surprised because a friend of hers had taken the experiment the week before and had told her that it was boring and that she ought to try to get out of it. He did this for one-half hour. /ImageC /L 680077 >> He called it the Sacrifice Trap: If we once start making sacrifices for anythinga family, a religion, or a nationwe find that we cannot admit to ourselves that the sacrifices have been in vain without a threat to our personal identity. Harry's belief is based on. The true purpose of the experiment was then explained to the S in detail, and the reasons for each of the various steps in the experiment were explained carefully in relation to the true purpose. /T 679093 Results of the experiment showed that even though the tasks were indeed boring and uninteresting, the unpaid control group rated the activity a negative 0.45 (-0.45). are learned through experiences and contact with others, Cindy tastes peas for the first time and realizes she does not like them. For example, one way would be for the S to magnify for himself the value of the reward he obtained. Do a site-specific Google search using the box below. Festinger and Carlsmith then investigated whether there's a standing evidence of cognitive dissonance where boring tasks were seen as enjoyable. Scott, W. A. What term refers to helping behavior that is performed voluntarily for the benefit of another person, which no anticipation of reward? Festinger and Carlsmith argued that subjects who were paid onJy $1.00 to lie to another person experienced "cognitive dissonance." According to Festinger (1957), people experience cognitive dissonance when they simultaneously hold two thoughts that are psychologically inconsistent (i.e., thoughts that feel contradictory or incompatible in some . (Goleman, 1991) As a rule, cognitive dissonance theory predicts that attitudes and behaviors will remain in synchrony. Researchers have found that a________ degree of fear in a message makes it more effective particularly when it it combined with __________. conformed to the group answer about one-third of the time. Find out how you can intelligently organize your Flashcards. These 11 Ss were, of course, run through the total experiment anyhow and the experiment was explained to them afterwards. In addition to these 5 exceptions, another 2 of the paid participants told the girl the truth that the tasks she will be performing are boring and uninteresting, and that they were just being paid to say otherwise. (Goleman, 1991). The participants who convinced themselves that the task really was fun were the ones who were___________. As shown in Ashes experiment, conforming to the majority happens more often than people think. Cognitive Dissonance. Vince's behavior is an example of. In Asian cultures, people tend to explain the behavior of others as a result of______. This person has two cognitions which, psychologically, do not fit together: one of these is the knowledge that he believes "X," the other the knowledge that he has publicly stated that he believes "not X." Which of the following has been shown to be true concerning the "teachers" in Milgram's experiment? Check out our quiz-page with tests about: Explorable.com (Nov 21, 2010). Which of the following is the best example of the behavioral component of an attitude? that the participants who were paid $20 would experience less At the close of the interview the S was asked what he thought the experiment was about and, following this, was asked directly whether or not he was suspicious of anything and, if so, what he was suspicious of. In this condition, the average rating was +1.35, considerably on the positive side and significantly different from the Control condition at the .02 level[2] (t = 2.48). Prev page|Page top|Chapter Contents|Next page Let us then see what can be said about the total magnitude of dissonance in a person created by the knowledge that he said "not X" and really believes "X." The students will be interviewed after participating in the experiment and were encouraged to be completely honest in these interviews. In the famous Festinger experiment, participants were paid either $1 or $20 to lie to a woman in the waiting room about how interesting the task really was. Jerry goes to a lot of dog races because he enjoys them and loves to see the dogs run. 47 14 To achieve consonance, something has to give. So, to avoid dissonance, the person likes you. Social Researcher. <> //document.getElementById('adblockmessage').style.display = 'block'; Lilly's mother always listens to the classic rock station on her car radio, so Lilly has grown up hearing that music and noticing how much her mother enjoys it. Why are black people stopped by police more than white people? // adblocker detected There are, after all, other ways in which the experimentally created dissonance could be reduced. Identify the following terms or individuals and explain their significance: Which of the following is an example of indirect characterization? Which of the following is not an element of social identity theory? Fritz Heider developed _______ to explain why people choose the particular explanations of behavior that they do. The difference between the One Dollar condition (+1.20) and the Control condition (-.62) is significant at the .08 level (t = 1.78). Subjects who received $20 had no problem explaining their behavior to themselves. task faced a greater degree of dissonance than the ones who were paid $20, so In 1959, Leon Festinger and Merrill Carlsmith looked to test Festinger's theory of cognitive dissonance. Please sign in to share these flashcards. While watching the TV game show Jeopardy, your roommate says, "The game show host, Alex Trebek, knows all the answers. show that a person's private opinion will change to reduce dissonance when it conflicts with what they are forced to do, stanford uni students were asked to do simple, boring tasks for an hour and the researchers timed them with a stopwatch and took notes to make it seem as if the task was important, the participants were given either $1 or $20 to tell another student that the task was fun, there was a clear difference of opinion in the follow up interview. And, indeed, in the Control condition the average rating was -.45, somewhat on the negative side of the neutral point. & KING, B.T. by meredith_davis9, Elizabeth's room is almost always a mess. The more you see someone, the more likely you are to _____ that person. In each group, the confederates wore identical glasses, with the participant/subject wearing a different set of glasses. It was too long, and that preacher wasn't dressed up enough" would be an example of which type of processing? These recordings were transcribed and then rated, by two independent raters, on five dimensions. When members of a cult are trying to enlist a new recruit, they start by asking the recruit to make a small commitment, such as attending a short meeting or helping out at a social function. If behavior is assumed to be caused by internal personality characteristics, this is known as___________. The ratings were of course done in ignorance of which condition each S was in. They present some evidence, which is not altogether conclusive, in support of this explanation. Initially, subjects will be told that they will be participating in a two-hour experiment. test scores of each group decreased when it was the out-group. x]#q/`aC+Khiflm( bc@'QV-a7:o1O7y?wo7.b7F^pZ{e>8_wonz&T=PJe~xw_}ba\ZXH%ll7qAa;;M?3)8T.Vw_G[H}FYc8svcf0w_~7],+g~aEo~}8/q'f. Festinger and Carlsmith experiment A study conducted in which people were offered money to express attitudes that they did not hold; people who were offered big sums justified their behavior by the money but people who were offered smaller sums changed their attitudes to make them more consistent with their behavior ]B|07oS8x 7\>Hu0Y(ax/oFpr9&wcN/lLvxva 0]pr8g7o>:kIR,7V_ so4;OO8{B9D W}evewdJ|zCjmgO41b:f~fH4RZHn%j0d&@0yuV;Yhr.a3{Zolv8=e":1'>TwO_3[p]%zX{H[g*uW?:4?= 3. 49 0 obj _______ occurs when people begin to think that it is more important to maintain a group's cohesiveness than to objectively consider the facts. Actually this finding by Kelman is consistent with the theory we will outline below but, for a number of reasons is not conclusive. The same logic applies to selfish concerns such as getting other people to respect you. enjoyable than the others would. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 55, 72-75. On the other hand, the ones who were paid $20, apparently had the money as their primary justification for carrying out their task. /Size 61 On the other hand, the people who were paid $20 had the monetary reason to lie. Through the lens of cognitive dissonance theory, however, the explanation was a bit different. << The observed opinion change is greater than for persons who only hear the speech or for persons who read a prepared speech with emphasis solely on execution and manner of delivery The authors of these two studies explain their results mainly in terms of mental rehearsal and thinking up new arguments. In the other two conditions, however, the Ss told someone that these tasks were interesting and enjoyab1e. "Cognitive consequences of forced compliance". bystander effect and diffusion of responsibly. Nicole will probably experience. endstream 80 0 obj <> endobj Behavior that is intended to hurt or destroy another person is referred to as. Cognitive dissonance theory implies that if you demand respect, you will get it. If you make people treat you with respect, they will respect you more, in order to reduce dissonance between their attitudes and their behaviors. Sarah found her soul mate, Jon, when she moved to a small town in Florida. 2. We wish to thank Leonard Hommel, Judson Mills, and Robert Terwilliger for their help in designing and carrying out the experiment. Putting these 11 in exception, the 60 remaining responses are the following: One of the questions that Festinger and Carlsmith were aiming to answer is how enjoyable were the tasks for the participants. If you want somebody to like you, induce the person to perform "liking behavior" such as doing you a favor. We mentioned in the introduction that Janis and King (1954; 1956) in explaining their findings, proposed an explanation in terms of the self-convincing effect of mental rehearsal [p. 209] and thinking up new arguments by the person who had to improvise a speech. In the study, undergraduate students of Introductory Psychology at Stanford University were asked to take part of a series of experiments. We tend to _____ attractive people more than we do less attractive people. Which of the following was a finding in the classic study by Festinger and Carlsmith (1959)? Cognitive dissonance is when we experience conflicting thoughts, beliefs, or attitudes. They will decide they wanted to do it anyway, or that maybe it was a good idea, in retrospect. Rating scale 0 to 10. To study this, Festinger and Carlsmith performed an experiment using seventy-one male students at . bringing diverse groups of people into contact with each other. This short persuasive communication was made in all conditions in exactly the same way. Behaviorists would have predict that a reinforcement 20 times bigger would produce more change. The text in this article is licensed under the Creative Commons-License Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). The question was included because, as far as we could see, it had nothing to do with the dissonance that was experimentally created and could not be used for dissonance reduction. The said group served as the control group of the experiment. The interview consisted of four questions, on each of which the S was first encouraged to talk about the matter and was then asked to rate his opinion or reaction on an 11-point scale. Were the tasks interesting and enjoyable? >> Their attitudes changed to fit their behavior, reducing the uncomfortable feeling of dissonance. There is perhaps no surer way of infecting ourselves with virulent hatred toward a person than by doing him a grave injustice. The subjects who received $1 did not have a very good reason to lie. Most of our subjects tell us afterward that they found it quite interesting You get a chance to see how you react to the tasks and so forth." In the chapter section Attitudes and Behaviours that Affect Social Interaction, Paul Angelini (2011) introdected the negative elements of social interactio Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards; Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card; audio not yet available for this language, In Solomon Asch's study, confederates were instructed to, give the incorrect answer to the line-matching task. Subjects rated this using a scale of negative 5 to positive 5 (-5 to +5). Which of the following was NOT a component of Robert Sternberg's theory of love? Leon Festinger's 1957 cognitive dissonance theory suggests that we act to reduce the disharmony, or dissonance, of our conflicting feelings. Festinger, L. and Carlsmith, J. M. (1959). Certainly, the more interesting and enjoyable they felt the tasks were, the greater would be their desire to participate in a similar experiment. /H [ 658 210 ] The content of what the S said before the girl made the remark that her friend told her it was boring. When it is his turn to speak, he voices an opinion more in keeping with the previous speakers. Specifically, as applied to our results, this a1ternative explanation would maintain that perhaps, for some reason, the Ss in the One Dollar condition worked harder at telling the waiting girl that the tasks were fun and enjoyable. You should not put up with abuse, because people who treat you poorly will adopt negative beliefs about you, in order to be consistent with their behavior toward you. The One Dollar condition is higher than the other two. If you change your attitudes, then presumably your behavior will change. An unpleasant psychological state often aroused when people hold two conflicting cognition. In this way, they propose, the person who is forced to improvise a speech convinces himself. When her boyfriend refuses, she asks, "Well, will you at least wash the dishes then?" According to Sternberg's theory, when intimacy and passion are combined the result is _____, which is often the basis for a more lasting relationship. (Boulding, 1969). Festinger's theory said that when a person holds contradictory elements in cognition (producing an unpleasant state called dissonance) the person will work to bring the elements back into agreement or congruence. 3. Leon Festinger and his colleague James (1957) Attitude change through reward of verbal behavior. He reasoned that if the person is induced to make an overt statement contrary to his private opinion by the offer of some reward, then the greater the reward offered, the greater should be the subsequent opinion change. York University, Toronto, Ontario. trailer A teacher decides against assigning group projects in which all groups members get the same grade. Actually, the result, as may be seen in the table, are in exactly the same direction, and the magnitude of the mean differences is fully as large as on the first question. What similar but opposite statement appears in Hoffer's book The True Believer ? All Ss, without exception, were quite willing to return the money. /Resources 50 0 R OP>$O '@n#}  C No problem, save it as a course and come back to it later. Those who were paid $1 were forced to rationalize their own judgments and convinced themselves that what they were doing is enjoyable because they had no other justification. In this experiment, 71 male participants were given a series of nonsensical and boring tasks. In Asch's black line experiment, participants. Which of the following does NOT represent an effective method for reducing prejudice? It was explained to them that the Department of Psychology is conducting the study and they are therefore required to serve in the experiments. Some have already been discussed. Which event or moment has the greatest effect on the author's decision to protest? In the study, undergraduate students of Introductory Psychology at Stanford University were asked to take part of a series of experiments. The influence of role-playing on opinion change. The discussion between the S and the girl was recorded on a hidden tape recorder. $20 in the 1950s was equivalent to over $100 now. If no factors other than his private opinion are considered it would follow, at least in our culture, that if he believes "X" he would publicly state "X." Psychologists familiar with dissonance theory said just the opposite. Evanston, IL: Row & Peterson JANIS, I.L. When one person meets another person for the first time, ________ occurs. 0000010660 00000 n Maria agreed only to find out after agreeing that teaching such a course also meant that she would have to attend meetings of the honors professors, go to honors- oriented conventions, and take on special advising duties. Relat., 1956, 9, 177-186. It has received widespread attention after recently being published in an academic journal. Underline the correct form of the modifier in parentheses in each sentence. When the do not, they experience unpleasant mental tension or dissonance answer choices attribution theory cognitive dissonance theory reciprocity theory compliance theory Question 3 45 seconds Q. This automatic assumption about the student's personality is an example of, The process of explaining one's own behavior and the behavior of other people is called. Eliot Aronson, himself a famous social psychologist and former student of Festinger, called this "the most important experiment in the history of social psychology" ("Social Researcher", 1984). The opposite of Franklin's principle is described by Eric Hoffer, in The True Believer (1951). The subjects were then again interviewed afterwards and were asked to rate four different areas of the experiment. This is an example of which rule of attraction? It is clear from examining the table that, in all cases, the Twenty Dollar condition is slightly higher The differences are small, however, and only on the rating of "amount of time" does the difference between the two conditions even approach significance. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Martha doesn't want her young son to touch the heating stove. The formation of in-groups and out-groups, The effect that people's awareness of the stereotypes associated with their social group has on their behavior is, Strategies for overcoming prejudice include. Why this might have been the case is, of course, not immediately apparent.